INTRODUCTION

In this tutorial, we will learn how to load all observations from

  • All or a subset of the variables.
  • With or without data transformations, such as
    • Creating dummy variables.
    • Reclassifying string variables to integer categories.
    • Creating interaction terms.
    • lnexplag and more.

from a well-formed dataset. All sections below apply to any dataset that meets our definition of ‘well-formed’ which is explained below.

 

WHAT FILES DOES THIS APPLY TO?

Our definition of a well-formed dataset includes

  • Comma-separated text files (CSV) with headers in the first line of the file.
  • Excel files (XLSXLSX) with headers in the first row of the file.
  • GAUSS datasets (DAT) and matrix files (FMT).
  • SAS (SAS7BCATSAS7BDAT), SPSS (PORSAV) and Stata (DTA) datasets.
  • HDF5 files (H5) if the dataset contains an attribute called headers which contains the variable names.

Regardless of the file type, each file must be organized as a consistent tabular dataset like the example below. Each row of the file must have the same number of columns and each column of the file must have the same number of rows.

 

Age,Height,Weight
29,61,134
44,74,191
32,70,223

 

WHAT FILES DOES THIS NOT APPLY TO?

This section does not apply to

  • Text files delimited by a character other than a comma.
  • CSV files without headers or with empty lines.
  • Excel files without headers.

or files which have inconsistent numbers of rows, or columns.

 

// This dataset is NOT well-formed.
// It has:
//     1. Comments at the top of the file.
//     2. Inconsistent numbers of columns per row.
Age,Height,Weight
29,61,134
44,74,191,43,16
32,70,223

 

HEADERS

The GAUSS function getHeaders will return a string array containing all the variable names from a dataset. It takes only one input, the name of the dataset. The example below reads all of the variable names from the Stata dataset auto2.dta which is located in the GAUSS examples directory.

 

// Create file name with full path to Stata dataset
fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/auto2.dta";

// Read the variable names from the dataset
 h = getHeaders(fname);

// Print string array containing the dataset headers
 print h;

 

will return

        make
       price
         mpg
       rep78
    headroom
       trunk
      weight
      length
        turn
displacement
  gear_ratio
     foreign

 

ALL VARIABLES

The GAUSS command loadd can read variables from a dataset. To read all variables from a dataset you only need to pass one input, a string containing the name of the dataset. The example dataset, binary.csv, contains four variables related to college admissions, admitgregpa, and rank.

 

// Create file name with full path
fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/binary.csv";

// Read all 4 variables from the CSV file
 X = loadd(fname);

// Print the first 5 rows of all columns of 'X'
 print X[1:5,.];

 

will return

admit     rank      gpa     rank
 0.00   380.00     3.61     3.00
 1.00   660.00     3.67     3.00
 1.00   800.00     4.00     1.00
 1.00   640.00     3.19     4.00
 0.00   520.00     2.93     4.00

 

A SUBSET OF VARIABLES

loadd can accept an optional second argument which is a formula string. The formula string specifies which variables to load and which data transformations to perform. The following operators can be used in a formula string to load a subset of the variables from the dataset.

 

 

EXAMPLE: LOAD TWO VARIABLES BY NAME

// Create file name with full path to the SAS dataset
fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/detroit.sas7bdat";

// Load 2 variables by name from the SAS dataset
 X = loadd(fname, "unemployment + weekly_earn");

// Print the first 5 rows of all columns of 'X'
 print X[1:5,.];

 

will return

 

unemployment      weekly_earn
        11.0           117.18
         7.0           134.02
         5.2           141.68
         4.3           147.98
         3.5           159.85

 

EXAMPLE: LOAD ALL VARIABLES EXCEPT FOR ONE

cancer.dat is an example GAUSS dataset located in the GAUSS examples directory. It contains five variables, timehistologstagecount, and risktime. The example below loads all of these variables, except for stage.

 

// Create file name with full path
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/cancer.dat";

// Load all but one variable from the GAUSS dataset
 X = loadd(fname, ". -stage");

// Print the first 5 rows of all columns of 'X'
 print X[1:5,.];

 

will return

time   histology   count   risktime
1.00        1.00    9.00     157.00
1.00        2.00    5.00      77.00
1.00        3.00    1.00      21.00
2.00        1.00    2.00     139.00
2.00        2.00    2.00      68.00

 

CATEGORICAL VARIABLES 

Some data files, such as CSV files, do not contain information specifying the types of the variables in the files. In these cases, it is sometimes necessary to specify how a particular variable should be interpreted.

 

The following keywords can be used in a formula string to tell GAUSS which variables should be interpreted as categorical or string variables and to create dummy variables if desired.

 

 

EXAMPLE: INTEGER VARIABLE TO DUMMY VARIABLES

housing.csv is an example dataset from the GAUSS examples directory. The variable baths, represents the number of bathrooms in the home and contains the following unique values: 1, 2, 3, and 4.

 

The example code below loads the baths variable unmodified for comparison. In the next step, the code tells loadd to create dummy variables from the integer categories in the baths variable by using the factor keyword in the formula string.

 

// Create file name with full path
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/housing.csv";

// Load the original categorical data
 baths = loadd(fname, "baths");

// Load the categorical variable and create dummy vars
 dmy = loadd(fname, "factor(baths)");

 

After the code above, the first 5 rows of baths and dmy will be equal to

 

        baths             baths_2  baths_3  baths_4
baths =     2       dmy =       1        0        0
            1                   0        0        0
            2                   1        0        0
            2                   1        0        0
            3                   0        1        0

 

© 2024 Aptech Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

 

As you can see above, the base case is set to the case when baths equals one.

EXAMPLE: TEXT CATEGORICAL VARIABLE TO DUMMY VARIABLES

The example Excel file, nba_ht_wt.xls, contains seven variables with different information about NBA basketball players. The Pos variable represents the position played by the basketball player. The levels are CF, and G, which represent center, forward and guard.

 

The code below uses the cat keyword in the formula string to tell loadd to create a categorical variable from the text data. Then the code wraps the factor keyword around the cat keyword to load the data as a categorical column and convert to dummy variables in one step.

 

// Create file name with full path
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/nba_ht_wt.xls";

// Load the string variable turn it
 // into a categorical variable
 position = loadd(fname, "cat(Pos)");

// Load the string variable turn it into a
 // categorical variable and then a dummy variable
 pos_dummy = loadd(fname, "factor(cat(Pos))");

 

below is a preview of the first five observations created by the above code:

 

           Pos                Pos_F      Pos_G
position =   C    pos_dummy =     0          0
             G                    0          1
             G                    0          1
             F                    1          0
             F                    1          0

 

This time, C, is the base case.

 

COMBINING KEYWORDS AND OPERATORS

Both the cat and factor keywords can be combined with the .+ and - operators. For example, the following statements would be legal.

 

fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/housing.csv";
 X = loadd(fname, "price + factor(baths) + taxes");

fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/yarn.xlsx"
 X = loadd(fname, "cat(amplitude) + cycles");

 

INTERACTION EFFECTS

The * and : operators are used in formula strings to create interaction effects.

 

 

EXAMPLE: INTERACTION TERM

By default when an interaction term is specified in a formula string, the variables that form the interaction are also included. The example below will load 3 variables, HeightWeight and the interaction term of Height*Weight.

 

// Create file name with full path
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/nba_ht_wt.xls";

// Load the variables 'Height' and 'Weight'
 // then create a third variable which is the
 // interaction between them
 nba = loadd(fname, "Height*Weight");

// Print the first 5 rows of the 3 specified variables
 print nba[1:5,.];

 

The code above will print the following output

Height   Weigth   Height_Weight
    83      260           21580
    74      180           13320
    77      215           16555
    81      260           21060
    81      235           19035

 

The name of the product of Height and Weight is not Height*Weight, because if that variable name was included in another formula string it would indicate an interaction term instead of this variable.

 

GAUSS replaces invalid characters from variable names with underscores.

EXAMPLE: INTERACTION TERM ALONE

Usually, when we create an interaction term, we will also include the original variables. However, it is sometimes useful to load only the interaction variable. We can specify that we only want the interaction, by using the colon operator, :, in the formula string as shown below.

 

 // Create file name with full path
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/nba_ht_wt.xls";

// Load only one variable, which is the
 // interaction between 'Height' and 'Weight'
 X = loadd(fname, "Height:Weight");

// Print the first 5 rows of the 1 specified variable
 print X[1:5];

 

The code above will print the following output

Height_Weigth
        21580
        13320
        16555
        21060
        19035

 

DATA TRANSFORMATIONS 

GAUSS allows you to transform your variables when loading, by using a procedure in a formula string.

EXAMPLE: NATURAL LOG

// Create file name with full path to Stata dataset
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/auto2.dta";

// Load 'price' from 'auto2.dta' and perform
 // natural log transform
 ln_price = loadd(fname, "ln(price)");

// Print the first 5 rows of 'ln_price'
 print ln_price[1:5];

 

The code above will return the following output.

lnprice
   8.3185
   8.4657
   8.2425
   8.4797
   8.9653

 

The variable name was updated to represent the transformation with the parentheses replaced with underscores.

EXAMPLE: THE FIRST DIFFERENCE OF THE NATURAL LOG

Now let’s do something slightly more complicated. Suppose you want to compute the first difference of the natural log of the price variable from the auto2.dta dataset. GAUSS allows you to use any procedure in a formula string as long as it takes a column vector as the only input and returns a column vector of the same size as the only output.

 

So we will first create a procedure to compute the first difference of the natural log. We will call it lnDiff. Then we can use it in our formula string, like this

 

// Define procedure to compute the first
 // difference of the natural log of a variable
 proc (1) = lnDiff(x);
 local ln_x;

// Compute the natural log of the input
 ln_x = ln(x);

// Compute the difference of the natural log
 // and return the result
 retp(ln_x - lag(ln_x));
 endp;

// Create file name with full path to Stata dataset
 fname = getGAUSSHome() $+ "examples/auto2.dta";

// Load the 'price' variable and call
 // our 'lnDiff' procedure on it
 X = loadd(fname, "lnDiff(price)");

// Print the first 5 observations
 print X[1:5];

 

The code above will print the following output. Note that the first observation is a missing value since we lose one observation when computing the lag.

 

lnDiffprice
            .
       0.1472
      -0.2232
       0.2372
       0.4856

 

CONCLUSION

In this tutorial, we have learned how to

  • Load all or a subset of variables with the +- and . operators.
  • Creating dummy variables with the factor keyword.
  • Reclassifying string variables to integer categories with the cat keyword.
  • Creating interaction terms with the * and : operators.
  • Performing data transformations by using GAUSS procedures in formula strings.

 

from a well-formed, tabular dataset.